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English grammar

Comparatives

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1) EXPLANATION

 

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When comparing two things, use the following: 

 

With one-syllable adjectives, use -er.

  • cold  colder
  • small  smaller

With two syllable adjectives which end in -y,  use -ier

  • easy  easier
  • happy  happier

With multi-syllable adjectives use more or less

  • difficult         more difficult / less difficult
  • expensive     more expensive / less expensive
     

You can also use less with one-syllable adjectives.

  • less rich
  • less wide

Make comparisons with adjectives + than

France is bigger than Italy.  Chinese is more difficult than English. 


3 irregular adjectives: 

  • bad - worse
  • good - better 
  • far - further  

 

2) TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

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Do the test and then click on the answers. How many did you get right??

1.1. Test

  1. China is ______ (small) than Russia.
  2. Portugal is ______ (hot) than England.
  3. FCP is ________  (good) than Benfica  (Sorry Benficistas!!)
  4. salad is _______ (healthy) than cake
  5. A Ferrari is ______ (expensive) than a Fiat.
  6. His office is ______ (tidy) than her office.
  7. Jupiter is ________ (far) than Mars.
  8. English coffee is _______ (bad) than Portuguese coffee.
  9. I am _________ (optimistic) than my sister.
  10. David Beckham is ______ (rich) than me.   

 

1.2. Answers

  1. China is smaller than Russia.
  2. Portugal is hotter than England.
  3. FCP is better than Benfica  (Sorry Benficistas!!)
  4. salad is healthier than cake (unfortunately)
  5. A Ferrari is more expensive than a Fiat.
  6. His office is tidier than my office.
  7. Jupiter is further than Mars.
  8. English coffee is worse than Portuguese coffee.
  9. I am more optimistic than my sister.
  10. David Beckham is richer than me.  (Just a little) 
 


There is / there are

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1) EXPLANATION

Use this common expression to say that something "exists"

  

Use there is / there are     + a / an / some / any* 

 

SINGULAR

PLURAL

Affirmative

There’s a big sofa

There are some chairs

Negative

There isn’t a clock

There aren’t any cups

Question

Is there a table?

Are there any glasses?

Short answer (+/-)

Yes, there is / No, there isn’t

Yes, there are / No there aren’t

 

* some = not an exact number      

Use "some" for positive sentences;  Use "any" for negative sentences and questions

2) TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

 

1.1. Exercise

Complete the sentences with the correct form of  there is / there are 

  1. _________ some nice flowers in the garden. 
  2. __________  any good restaurants in your town? 
  3. I think _______  a new shop in this street.
  4. __________ two beds in the room.
  5. _________  a swimming pool near your house?
  6. _________ 4 students in my mini-group class at inlingua.
  7. How many people ________ in a rugby team?
  8. _________ a big supermarket in the main street.
  9. ____________  any banks near here. 
  10. ___________  a new student in my class.
  

1.2. Exercise (answers)

  1. There are nice flowers in the garden. 
  2. Are there good restaurants in your town? 
  3. I think there's a new shop in this street.
  4. There are two beds in the room.
  5. Is there a swimming pool near your house?
  6. There are 4 students in my mini-group class at inlingua.
  7. How many people are there in a rugby team?
  8. There's a big supermarket in the main street.
  9. Are there any banks near here. 
  10. There's a new student in my class.  

 

 



Superlatives

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1) EXPLANATION

 

When talking about the maximum and minimum, use the following:  

 

With one-syllable adjectives, use the -est.

  • cold     the coldest
  • small   the smallest

With two syllable adjectives which end in -y,  use -iest

  • easy   the easiest
  • happy  the happiest

With multi-syllable adjectives use the most or the least

  • difficult         the most difficult / the least difficult
  • expensive     the most  expensive / the least expensive
     

3 irregular adjectives: 

  • bad - the worst
  • good - the best 
  • far - the furthest 

 

2) TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

 

1.1. Exercise

complete the sentences:

  1. Portuguese coffee is very good. In fact I think it is _______  (good) in the world! 
  2. The Nile is a very long river. In fact it is _________ (long) river in the world. 
  3. I think this is ________ (high) building in Porto.
  4. My last test result was bad.  Actually it was ___________ (bad) result in the whole class.
  5. Toky is maybe  ______ (expensive) city in the world.
  6. Chinese is one of _______ (difficult) languages to learn.
  7. I am ______ (tall) in my family.
  8. I think Libya is _______ (hot) country in the world.
  9. Which country has the ______ (big) economy in the world?
  10. in my opinion the car industry is ______ (competitive) industry of all.    

1.1. Answers

  1. Portuguese coffee is very good. In fact I think it is the best in the world! 
  2. The Nile is a very long river. In fact it is the longest river in the world. 
  3. I think this is the highest building in Porto.
  4. My last test result was bad.  Actually it was the worst result in the whole class.
  5. Toky is maybe the most expensive city in the world.
  6. Chinese is one of the most difficult languages to learn.
  7. I am the tallest in my family.
  8. I think Libya is the hottest country in the world.
  9. Which country has the biggest economy in the world?
  10. in my opinion the car industry is the most competitive industry of all.   

 




Object Pronouns

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1) EXPLANATION

Use object pronouns to replace a noun

  

Use there is / there are     + a / an / some / any* 

 person

Object Pronoun

Example

I

me

Come with me please

you

you

This is for you. 

he

him

He's my colleague. I work with him.

she

her

She's nice. Do you know her?

it

it

Where's the file? Do you have it?

we

 us

This table is for us.  

they

them

Can you see them?

 NB: object pronouns go aftera verb         object pronouns also go after prepositions (with / to / from etc)

2) TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1.1. Exercise

Complete the sentences with an object pronoun (me / you / him / her etc) 

  1. This room is a mess.  Look at ____. 
  2. We're interested in the product. Please send ___ a brochure. 
  3. I love ____  but she doesn't love ____.
  4. They're very nice. Do you know _______?
  5. Where are my glasses? You're wearing ______
  6. Shall we watch the film?  No, I've seen ___ already.
  7. She likes _____ but he doesn't like ____
  8. We have a problem.  Can you help _____?
  9. My sister is great. I like _____ very much. 
  10. This fruit is bad. Don't eat _____.  

 

1.2. Answers

  1. This room is a mess.  Look at it
  2. We're interested in the product. Please send us a brochure. 
  3. I love her but she doesn't love me.
  4. They're very nice. Do you know them?
  5. Where are my glasses? You're wearing them
  6. Shall we watch the film?  No, I've seen it already.
  7. She likes him but he doesn't like her
  8. We have a problem.  Can you help us?
  9. My sister is great. I like her very much. 
  10. This fruit is bad. Don't eat it.